Equilibrium under Perfect Competition of Market

There is a demand curve under perfect competition:

Equilibrium under perfect competition

This is a horizontal demand of curve. So, the price is given and the firm has to decide the output to be produced according to their cost condition at that price.

Equilibrium Condition or the optimal output level:

The firm which wants to maximize its profit and minimize the loss should produce a output where MR=MC. This condition is applied to all the firms regardless of whether it has the control to set the price or not. But where the firm has no power to decide, the price MR is the going market price (P=MR).

Revenue and cost concept tells that TR-TC is total profit. Similarly, MR-MC is the marginal profit. When both reach at this point that is MR=MC. This formula shows that the firm can make no more profit and therefore should stop there. This is called output level.

We can show the equilibrium condition under perfect competition as:

Equilibrium Condition under Perfect Competition

After this condition there are short run equilibrium with loss and long run equilibrium. The short run equilibrium with loss brings a condition of shut down point. In short run, the firm may continue its production to recover losses in long run.

We assume that all the firms have identical cost condition in the industry. In the short run, the firm will keep on producing even when it is incurring loss. But in the long run, the firm, which is not even getting normal profit, will shut down.

The existing firms will return to normal profits from super profits. So, in long run, under perfect competition the firm incurs normal profit. There are no super normal profit and no huge loss.

This concept brings an understanding about market and competition of market. This curve is applied in all competition of market.

Marginal Costing and Break-even Analysis

Do you know that “marginal costing” is the gift of British? OK, with the chapter of we will deal about the marginal costing and break-even analysis.

Objectives:

Meaning of Marginal Cost and Marginal Costing

Concept of Contribution

Break-even Point and Margin of Safety

Break-even Charts

Applications and Limitations of marginal costing

About the definition of Marginal Costing ICMA London has defined as, “The ascertainment of marginal costs and of the effect of profit of changes in volume or type of output by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs.”

In another word ICMA London define about marginal costs, “the amount at any given volume of output by which the aggregate costs are changed if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit.”

Formula of Marginal costs:

Marginal cost = prime cost + total variable overheads

Or

Marginal cost = total variable cost.

Concept of Contribution:

Contribution called when selling price and marginal cost (variable cost) difference comes together.

Formula can be:

Contribution = selling price – variable (marginal) cost
Or Contribution = fixed cost + profit (or-loss)
Or Contribution – fixed cost = profit (or loss)

Thus,

Sales = Variable cost + fixed cost + profit (or – loss)
Sales = Variable cost = fixed cost + profit (or – loss)

In this chapter we have to read about P/V (Profit Volume) ratio also so here is P/V ratio calculation:

P/V = contribution/sales = S/C

Or = [Fixed Costs + Profit/sales] = [F+P/S]

Or = [Sales-Variable Cost/Sales] = [S-V/S]

Now, we will discuss about the Break-even Point:

Break-even Point is the representation position of that volume of sales or production which has no profit no loss. It means total sales are just equal to total cost.

The formula of the calculation of Break-even point is:

Break-even Point (units) = Total fixed costs/Contribution per unit [F/C per unit]

Break-even Sales = Total Fixed Costs x selling price per unit / contribution per unit
[F/C*S]

Fixed Cost/P/V Ratio [F/P/V]

Break-even chart shows the graphical representation of cost and revenue of inter-relation at different volumes of output.

About the advantages of Break-even chart no doubt that it helps to determine the selling price to give a desired volume of profit.

It shows costs and profits and different volumes of productions. But along with there are limitation of break-even chart also. About it people says that it always not shows true chart.

At last we can analysis about break-even and can say that it is the level of operations which is the position of cost and revenue equilibrium.

I think now, it is enough for marginal cost and break-even analysis from financial books. I will elaborate it more deeply with the further discussion where I will put some more examples also from finance and accounting books.